Bayesian optimization of multi-bit pulse encoding in In₂O₃–Al₂O₃ thin-film transistors for temporal data processing

Physical reservoir computing leverages the intrinsic history-dependence and nonlinearity of hardware to encode spatiotemporal signals directly at the sensor level, enabling low-latency processing of dynamic inputs. Encoding fidelity depends on the separability of multi-state outputs, yet in practice it is often hampered by empirically chosen, suboptimal operating conditions. Here, we apply Bayesian optimization to improve the encoding performance of solution-processed Al₂O₃/In₂O₃ thin-film trans