Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have been rapidly increasing due to fossil fuel combustion and industrial activities, posing a serious threat to the global climate. To address this challenge, catalytic CO 2 conversion to valuable chemicals has been widely studied. Reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reactions are a promising strategy for CO 2 utilization coupled with downstream hydrocarbon synthesis processes such as the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reaction. In this study, we investigated the reac