Topology optimization for additive and subtractive manufacturing with multi-stage access directions and depth constraints based on coupled fictitious physical model

This paper proposes a topology optimization method that accounts for tool accessibility, including tool direction and depth constraints, in multistage machining processes. Although additive manufacturing provides a high degree of design freedom, it often produces rough surfaces. To overcome this limitation, a hybrid approach that appropriately integrates machining processes is advantageous. However, machining accessibility strongly depends on the timing of the deposition and removal operations i