Seasonal variation of microplastics in indoor environments from Birmingham, UK: Implication for ingestion and inhalation exposure

Despite growing scientific and public awareness and concern over microplastics (MPs) as emerging contaminants, human exposure in indoor environments remains poorly understood. This study investigates seasonal variation of MP concentrations and characteristics in five indoor microenvironments over a 12-month monitoring period for the first time, evaluating impacts on human exposure via inhalation and inadvertent dust ingestion. Average MP concentrations were 176.2 ± 96.7 MP/mg in settled dust and