The Gulf of Tonkin (Vietnam part) comprises12 typical marine ecosystems distributed in 7 ecological regions. Human activities impacting the marine ecosystems are classified into three groups: strong impacts (fishing, aquaculture, navigation - ports, and marine infilling); medium impacts (dredging - dumping, mining, tourism - services); and weak impacts (security - defense). Climate change and natural disasters affecting marine ecosystems are categorized into three impact groups. The strong impac