Integrating time-lagged and cumulative landscape effects to understand contemporary spatial genetic structure of siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus)

Abstract Context Landscape genetic studies often rely on contemporary landscape snapshots, potentially underestimating the cumulative and time-lagged effects of historical landscapes on contemporary spatial genetic structure (SGS). Objectives We aim to assess isolation-by-resistance (IBR) of Siberian roe deer across 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 throughout the Lesser Xing’an Mountains, northeastern China, and identify landscape features driving gene flow and the effective time-lag inter