BACKGROUND Perioperative anxiety and depression are common, yet often underestimated psychological comorbidities in patients undergoing transurethral urological surgery. These emotional disturbances can negatively affect anesthesia induction, hemodynamic stability, postoperative pain, and recovery. The choice of anesthetic technique and adjunctive psychological intervention may have influenced these outcomes. AIM To evaluate the prevalence and clinical impact of perioperative anxiety and depress