A laddered training model for breast surgery specialists: development and validation of a CBME-based precision education framework

This study aimed to develop a stepwise training model for breast surgery residents and evaluate its efficacy in improving operative skills, clinical decision-making, and patient management competencies within a Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) framework. The study was conducted in the Breast Surgery Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Twenty surgical residents in their second or third year of standardized training were enrolled and rando