Data is not just information; it’s the bloodstream of the hyper-connected digital ecosystem. Anchored in this premise, part 1 of this review series, entitled “big data genesis,” unveiled the digital behemoth by tracing the historical evolution of data from rudimentary records to the era of planetary-scale digital generation. It revealed how the data has transitioned from passive documentation into a powerful active force that governing the entire economic system, technologies and the decision-ma