Rethinking foreign language boredom in AI-assisted learning: the hidden roles of growth mindset, AI literacy, and AI self-efficacy

IntroductionWith the rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into English as a foreign language (EFL) learning, learners’ emotional experiences have attracted increasing attention. Among these emotions, EFL boredom, a persistent negative emotion, can substantially undermine motivation, classroom engagement, and learning outcomes. Although previous studies suggest that growth mindset may alleviate negative emotions in EFL learning, its influence on EFL boredom in AI-assisted learning en