Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences | New and Recent Articles

Magnetohydrodynamic wave activity in small-scale magnetic structures, such as solar pores, provides key insights into energy transport in the lower solar atmosphere. This study presents high-resolution observations of ten solar pores contained within a 43×43Mm2 field of view, obtained with the CRISP instrument at the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope. We investigate the temporal behaviour of the line-o…

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is the main method for reducing laser phase noise in space-based gravitational wave detection. In addition to inter-spacecraft signal delays, onboard optical delays within each spacecraft, including the local, adjacent, and distant paths, can affect practical detection. As a result, laser phase noise is not fully canceled and residual noise remains. This work exten…

The deep ocean is amongst the most inhospitable environments on Earth. Microbial inhabitants of this niche frequently possess evolutionary adaptations that facilitate their survival under extremes of pressure, temperature, pH and nutrient deprivation. These characteristic features have historically positioned marine extremophiles as intriguing targets for study as proxies for extraterrestrial lif…

The process of mass accretion onto Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) plays a fundamental role in determining the final stellar mass and setting the initial conditions for planet formation. Despite its critical role, our understanding of accretion remains fragmented, particularly for what concerns the earliest, protostellar phases (Class 0/I). While the community has consolidated a comprehensive knowle…

Ground-based resonance LiDAR has been used to study the morphology of the mesospheric potassium (K) and sodium (Na) layers from 2016 to 2024 at São José dos Campos (SJC; 23.1°S, 45.9°W). The seasonal variation of Na densities around 85–100 km altitude shows a pronounced minimum in summer and a flat maximum in equinox and winter. Otherwise, the K layer shows semiannual and annual behavior with a s…

Next-generation solar spectrographs increasingly record dense wavelength windows in which tens to hundreds of spectral lines are sampled at each spatial location and time step. This expands the scope for multi-line, multi-height diagnostics of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) motions, but also raises a practical challenge: deriving stable line-core intensity and line-of-sight (LOS) velocity time series …

The determination of tropopause height (TPH) is crucial for atmospheric research and the improvement of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) meteorological models. While TPH determination from ground-based GNSS zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) offers high spatiotemporal resolution and all-weather continuity, it requires precise calibration of the zenith hydrostatic delay above the tropopause …

High-precision satellite clock bias (SCB) prediction is essential for real-time remote sensing, real-time precise point positioning (RT-PPP), Earth observation, and spaceborne geodetic applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). However, real-time services are frequently interrupted in data-scarce environments such as communication outages, which severely restrict the continuity a…

Severe space weather can disrupt power grids through geomagnetically induced currents (GICs), leading to equipment stress, voltage instability, and power outages. The resulting economic impacts arise primarily from interruptions to production, supply chain disruptions, and market responses, rather than from direct infrastructure damage. This review examines the physical processes linking solar ac…

Predicting the geoeffectiveness of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is a core issue in operational space weather forecasting. In recent years, deep learning methods have been increasingly applied to CME geoeffectiveness prediction. However, existing studies mostly rely on single data sources, with image-based and parameter-based approaches each having their own limitations and failing to achieve eff…

IntroductionPrecipitable water vapor (PWV) is an important parameter for characterizing the spatiotemporal variability of atmospheric water vapor. Accurate realtime PWV retrieval is essential for weather monitoring and extreme weather forecasting. Currently, the real-time PWV retrieval mainly depends on state space representation (SSR) correction products provided by the International GNSS Servic…

IntroductionDeep space exploration, as a critical means for humanity to understand and investigate the evolutionary history of the universe, has entered a phase of rapid development. A single deep space navigation mode struggles to meet the high-precision and high-reliability requirements for long-duration mission operations in highly dynamic and extreme environments. Hence, multi-mode resilient …

This paper discusses the broad science case for obtaining milliarcsecond to microarcsecond astronomical imaging resolution in the soft to medium-energy X-ray band (∼0.5 to ∼8 keV). Astronomy across much of the electromagnetic spectrum has been fundamentally transformed with a rapid increase in ground-based and space-based capabilities to examine celestial objects on small scales that relate direc…

Gravitational-wave detection provides humanity with unique access to extreme astrophysical and cosmological phenomena. In space-based missions, however, the Doppler frequency pulling induced by orbital motion severely limits the precise extraction of gravitational-wave signals. This work shows that by introducing properly designed low-pass filters into established laser arm-locking systems, it is…

The subauroral region is located equatorward of the auroral oval, where important magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere dynamical processes take place. Historically, low-Earth orbit satellites as well as ground-based imagers and radars have provided important information about the region. However, in recent years it has become increasingly clear that there are several unexplored aspects of the re…

Recent observations, particularly from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), have revealed unexpectedly massive compact objects and rapidly emerging galactic structures at very early cosmic times. Although these findings do not invalidate the empirical success of the standard ΛCDM cosmological model, they expose conceptual and interpretive concerns that motivate a reassessment of its foundationa…

IntroductionGenerative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is rapidly transforming scientific workflows, yet empirical data on its adoption within national research infrastructures remain scarce.MethodsThis study presents the results of a comprehensive survey conducted at the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) in spring 2025, collecting 371 responses (∼20% of the workforce). Data were…

The Space Weather UnderGround (SWUG) program is an educational outreach initiative in which high school and undergraduate students learn heliophysics fundamentals and build low-cost fluxgate magnetometers. The program has three primary goals: (1) training the future Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) workforce, (2) developing a cost-effective magnetometer network across the …

Signal-in-Space Monitoring Accuracy (SISMA) is regarded as a key indicator for the integrity monitoring of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3). It is used to evaluate the quality of broadcast ephemeris in real time. However, the conventional SISMA estimation method in the BDS-3 ground operation and control system is severely constrained by the deployment of ground monitoring stations, …

Tropospheric delay is a major error source for the high-accuracy Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) technique due to rapid water vapor variations. The Niell mapping function (NMF) and Global Mapping Function (GMF) are extensively applied to convert zenith tropospheric delay to slant delays for real-time deep-space VLBI operations. In this study, we quantitatively evaluate the performance of…