Reevaluating historical tsunami hazards from the Makran subduction zone and local seismic sources along the Western Indian margin through numerical modelling

Abstract The western coast of India is highly vulnerable to tsunami hazards due to its geographical proximity to the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ), one of the most seismically active margins of the northern Indian Ocean. Moreover, during the Late Holocene, the Great Rann of Kachchh (GRK) along the western coast of India functioned as an extended arm of the Arabian Sea, serving both as a receptor of far-field waves and as a plausible local tsunami source due to its seismic activity that might have