Geoscience Letters

Abstract Eddies play an important role in the regulation of oceanic heat redistribution. This study investigates and analyzes submesoscale eddies in the upper ocean from the edge of the Beaufort Shelfbreak to the southern Canada Basin using data from the MITgcm LLC4320 model, focusing on their spatiotemporal distribution, trajectories, heat content, and variations in anomalous heat content. The r…

Abstract The Agulhas Return Current (ARC) transports warm, salty subtropical waters eastward into the South Indian Ocean, where it meets cold, fresh Southern Ocean waters to the south, creating strong meridional surface temperature and salinity gradients. Analysis of Argo data reveals coherent interannual variations in surface temperature (~ 1 °C) and salinity (~ 0.2 g/kg) downstream of the ARC f…

Abstract This study investigates the ionospheric saturation effect in the total electron content (TEC) response to solar activity using long-term global ionospheric map data spanning 1999–2024. Empirical mode decomposition is used to isolate long-term solar-cycle variability, and a two-segment regression model provides a consistent diagnostic of the saturation threshold in TEC versus solar proxy …

Abstract The assessment of surface deformation is one of the important aspects for understanding fault activity and disaster mitigation. While near-fault deformation has traditionally been documented using in-situ measurements, advances in optical image correlation now allow high-resolution quantification of both localized and distributed off-fault deformation (OFD) across fault zones. During the…

Landslides pose significant risks in the mountainous Rif region of Morocco, particularly in the Oued Amter watershed, where prior studies rarely integrated advanced feature selection with machine learning to enhance prediction accuracy. This study employs Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Logistic Regression (LR) to develop a landslide susceptibility map, utilizing 1456 invent…

Understanding regional drought responses to CO2 removal is critical for carbon-neutral pathways, yet remains poorly understood for China. To address this gap, we developed a bias-corrected and spatially downscaled SPEI dataset from multi-model CO2 removal experiments to evaluate drought evolution, driving mechanisms, and event characteristics (frequency, duration, and severity) across China and i…

Abstract This study characterizes for the first time the two largest submarine fans surrounding Taiwan, the Penghu Fan and the Gaoping Fan, based on detailed mapping of depositional elements through newly integrated MCS data. These sedimentary bodies, previously unrecognized due to the deformation related to arc–continent convergence, record the major sediment-dispersal systems of western and sou…

Abstract Impacts of temperature assimilation on the Venus atmosphere are investigated by the observing system simulation experiments assuming cross-link radio occultation measurements of the Venus atmosphere (CROVA). Synthetic temperature data are prepared by a Venusian general circulation model (VGCM) with 80% of the solar heating to produce a weaker super-rotation than the default model would. …

Abstract This study firstly examines both spatial and temporal preferences for afternoon precipitation over morning soil moisture using global storm-resolving simulations from two state-of-the-art km-scale Earth system models: the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (ICON) and integrated forecasting system (IFS). These results are compared with coarse-resolution simulations from the Max Planck Institute …

This study utilizes the XGBoost model integrated with the Flatfile database, strong ground motion records derived from the Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (TSMIP), to establish a crustal ground motion model (GMM) in forms of PGA, PGV, and spectral acceleration. When evaluating the performance of these models, particular attention is paid to the standard deviation of residuals and the…

Abstract The increase in extreme weather events has raised the demand for very short-range forecasts in Guangdong, the most populous province in China. Although global AI-based weather forecasting models provide strong medium-range guidance, they remain suboptimal for regional very short-range predictions. To address this, we developed a spatio-temporal graph neural network (STGNN) for Guangdong,…

Abstract The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) triggers precipitation anomalies, which are not evenly distributed across other terrestrial water budget terms, including runoff, evapotranspiration (ET), and terrestrial water storage change (TWSC). This uneven distribution represents a significant knowledge gap. This study addresses this gap by examining the varied responses of these terms to ENS…

Abstract The western coast of India is highly vulnerable to tsunami hazards due to its geographical proximity to the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ), one of the most seismically active margins of the northern Indian Ocean. Moreover, during the Late Holocene, the Great Rann of Kachchh (GRK) along the western coast of India functioned as an extended arm of the Arabian Sea, serving both as a receptor o…

Abstract Drought stress has significant impacts on the structure and carbon cycling processes of forest ecosystems. Forest height (H), as a key vegetation structural parameter, plays a crucial yet poorly understood role linking vegetation responses to drought stress. This study, utilizing multi-source remote sensing datasets and forest dynamic monitoring across China, combined with the Standardiz…

Abstract Accurate and reliable subseasonal precipitation forecasts are critical for disaster prevention and mitigation, particularly in densely populated regions like East Asia. However, substantial gaps remain between the reliability and accuracy of dynamical model forecasts and societal demands. This study proposes a machine learning-based adaptive bias correction (ABC) method to postprocess fo…

Abstract Equatorial sea surface temperature anomalies have profound impacts on tropical and extra-tropical sub-seasonal and seasonal weather variability. While extensive research explored the impacts of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and its diversity on the global teleconnections, the weakness of ENSO-attributed signals over Europe, Africa and the Middle East has remained a challenge. In th…

Abstract This reply addresses the comment by Vespremeanu-Stroe et al. on our paper which offered broad evidence for the existence of high amplitude vertical displacements at Mangalia, Romania, during the 18th–19th centuries. The comment proposes an alternative storm/tsunami origin for the anomalously elevated marine deposits. We show that the comment relies on weak arguments and is built on unpub…

Abstract The Brazilian Amazon, a critical component of Earth’s climate regulation and biodiversity, has been increasingly affected by forest degradation, a process less monitored than deforestation. This study examines the recurrence and spatiotemporal patterns of forest degradation in the Legal Amazon from 2016 to 2024 using data from the Daily Monitoring of Suppression and Degradation of Native…

Abstract Ice skin temperature (IST) is critical for representing surface energy exchange in Arctic, yet its initialization in operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems is often oversimplified, typically inherited from background states or prescribed as spatially uniform values, because reliable, spatiotemporally continuous observations are scarce. This study examines the impact of sa…

Abstract The northern Bay of Bengal (BoB) exhibits low mixed layer salinity accompanied by strong intraseasonal variability, primarily driven by the Indian Summer Monsoon and monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO). Notably, the northern BoB shows concurrent increases in mixed layer salinity and MISO-induced precipitation at intraseasonal timescales. This contrasts with the central BoB where pre…