Dual-functional Ti-MOF/g-C3N4 engineered PVDF membranes for photocatalytic self-cleaning and high-flux water remediation.

). Results indicate over 95% retention of mixed pollutants. Visible light irradiation significantly enhances the M3 membrane's FRR to 91.6%, further demonstrating the Ti-MOF/CN composite membrane's robust long-term operational stability and self-cleaning capability for photocatalytic degradation of aqueous pollutants.