Comparative analysis of intravenous fluid types on hemodynamic stability and metabolic parameters in patients undergoing elective abdominal and orthopedic surgery under general anesthesia

Background: Intravenous fluid therapy is a fundamental component of perioperative anesthetic management and plays a crucial role in maintaining hemodynamic stability and optimizing surgical outcomes. Fluid therapy has evolved from empirical practices to evidence-based strategies, with increasing emphasis on the physiological effects of different fluid compositions. Aims and Objectives: This study compares balanced crystalloid solutions with traditional saline-based fluids to determine optimal fl