Cerebral venous disorders: clinical presentation, diagnostic strategy, and contemporary management

Cerebral venous disorders encompass a heterogeneous group of conditions ranging from acute cerebral venous thrombosis to chronic intracranial venous hypertension and stenotic outflow states. Although historically considered uncommon, increasing recognition, improved imaging techniques, and expanding endovascular therapies have led to significant advances in the diagnosis and management of these conditions. This review provides a contemporary overview of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation