Project based learning as a pathway to develop STEM curriculum design competence for preservice teachers in the Natural Science Education program

In the context of educational reform in Vietnam, developing the competence to design Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) curriculum for preservice teachers is a strategic imperative; however, a significant gap between theoretical knowledge and practical skills persists. This study was conducted to design, implement, and evaluate the effectiveness of a pedagogical intervention based on Project Based Learning (PBL) to foster this core competence for preservice teachers in the