Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a globally vital legume whose yield and nutritional quality are severely threatened by escalating abiotic stresses, particularly drought, soil salinity and extreme temperatures. To mitigate these challenges sustainably and reduce reliance on synthetic agrochemicals, plant biostimulants have emerged as effective, eco-friendly inputs, including microbial inoculants such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, as well as non-micro