Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major global health challenge, threatening the effectiveness of antibiotics that have long been the foundation of modern medicine. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria has resulted in rising morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for innovative antimicrobial strategies. Conventional antibiotics often exert broad-spectrum effects, disrupting benef