Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy

Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly aggressive bone malignancy that predominantly affects children and young adults. There have been no major changes in patient survival in the past four decades. Therefore, new therapeutic interventions are needed. We have developed an enhanced conditionally replicative canine oncolytic adenovirus, CAV2-AU-M3, armed with an anti-PD1 heavy-chain antibody (HcAb)…

Gene-wise intratumor heterogeneity (ITH), defined as spatial variability in the expression of individual genes across tumor regions, remains incompletely characterized in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Identifying low-ITH genes as predictive biomarkers offers a promising strategy to enhance the reliability of immunotherapy outcome prediction. We profiled gene-wise ITH using multi-region scRN…

Anti-PD-1 treatment has shown clinical benefit in malignant cancers. However, EGFR-mutant (EGFR-MT) lung adenocarcinoma, an immune-cold tumor, shows poor response to this immunotherapy. This scenario is associated with elevated levels of B7-H4, an immune checkpoint demonstrating CD8⁺ T cell inhibition activity. Our previous study has revealed that deubiquitinase USP2a could stabilize B…

The similar characteristics of ICI-pneumonitis across malignancies support the generalizability of management strategies. Approximately one-fifth of patients successfully continued ICI therapy after pneumonitis. Systematic radiological surveillance and appropriate severity-based treatment may help optimize outcomes in patients receiving ICI therapy.

Our work defines a chemotherapy-resistant and metastasis-enriched malignant epithelial subpopulation in PDAC that drives disease progression through an immune-cold niche. We identify RARRES1 as a pivotal regulator of this process, contributing to both therapy resistance and immune exclusion, and propose it as a novel pan-cancer prognostic biomarker. These findings reveal a targetable cellular mec…

Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) sit at a unique intersection of cancer, central tolerance, and autoimmunity. These tumors arise in the thymus, an immune-rich organ responsible for T-cell education, and despite their low tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite stability, they display paradoxical behavior under immune checkpoint inhibition. This review synthesizes data on thymic biology, p…

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has become a standard treatment for patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (GC), yet the effects of NACT on natural killer (NK) cells remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, we investigated the immune remodeling induced by NACT in paired tumor samples from GC patients and in a murine model, aiming to uncover mechanisms that could guide combinatio…

Chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer (CAR-NK) cells represent a promising cellular immunotherapy platform for various cancers, offering a favorable clinical safety profile and potential to generate off-the-shelf products. However, broader application of CAR-NK cells is in part restricted by the availability of surface tumor antigens. T-cell receptor (TCR)-like CARs have gained increasing atte…

Cutaneous melanoma is a highly metastatic cancer which had limited treatment options until the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI); however, only around 50% of patients respond. Natural killer (NK) cells are potent cytotoxic and cytokine producing lymphocytes which present a promising avenue for immunotherapy. However, the progressive dysfunction of NK cells during cancer development rep…

Dendritic Cell (DC)-based vaccine is a tumor immunotherapy approach with great potential, and improving the efficacy is an urgent problem to be solved. RIPK1 is an important regulator of inflammation and cell death, and may play a significant role in the tumor immune function of DCs. Our study found that DC-specific knockout of Ripk1 can inhibit tumor growth in mice by increasing DC immune infilt…

Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) can support antitumour immunity, yet TLS maturation and maturation-associated stromal determinants in PSCC remain unclear. Here, we integrated hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, multiplex immunohistochemical (mIHC) colocalization, spatial …

This study highlights the prognostic significance of measuring longitudinal immune status in advanced CRC patients and develops an internally validated dynamic prediction model. External validation is needed before clinical implementation.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective non-invasive treatment for epithelial pre-cancers, yet its efficacy in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is limited by the immunosuppressive microenvironment of SCC. Vitamin D (VitD) has emerged as a potential neoadjuvant to enhance photodynamic priming in several cancers, but its immunologic effects in SCC remain poorly defined. Here, we investiga…

Our findings establish that MCs promote LUAD progression mainly through MIF-mediated polarization of Th17 cells, revealing the MC-MIF-Th17 axis as a promising therapeutic target for LUAD treatment.