Accurate landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) remains challenging because of uncertainty in both model selection and non-landslide sample definition. To address these issues, this paper developed an LSM framework based on the Inter.iamb-Tabu algorithm while explicitly considering non-landslide sampling, using Gangu County, China, as the research area. 124 landslides were established through remote sensing interpretation and field survey. From 14 initial conditioning factors, nine were retained