Abstract Intercropping has emerged as a promising strategy to improve agroecosystem biodiversity and mitigate some adverse effects associated with intensive monoculture systems. This study evaluated weed infestation and biodiversity responses in a Paulownia –buckwheat intercropping system compared with buckwheat monoculture under the environmental conditions of southwestern Poland. Weed species composition, abundance, and biomass were assessed at different growth stages of buckwheat. Selected ag