Probability and Causality Models of QA Success in Indonesian Distance Learning

Ensuring academic quality assurance (QA) in large-scale distance learning (PJJ) presents complex challenges influenced by technological, pedagogical, and social factors. Conventional analytical methods often fail to capture the probabilistic and causal relationships among these variables due to data uncertainty. This study aims to model and analyze the probabilistic and causal interactions that determine QA success in PJJ using an integrated approach that combines Structural Equation Modeling (S