Real-world pharmacovigilance analysis of the association between multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies and intervertebral disc herniation

BackgroundThis study aims to investigate the potential association between 13 disease-modifying immunosuppressive drugs used to treat multiple sclerosis and intervertebral disc herniation, thereby filling a gap in pharmacovigilance research in this field.Materials and methodsWe extracted adverse event reports from the FAERS database covering 2005 to 2025. Disproportionality analyses using four established algorithms (ROR, PRR, EBGM and IC) with unified predefined thresholds were performed. We al