Nature Communications, Published online: 05 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-77433-z Here the authors report clinical and immunological outcomes of a randomized surgical window-of-opportunity trial designed to test whether dual immune checkpoint blockade targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 could overcome the adaptive immune resistance previously reported with single-agent anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with surgically resectable recurrent glioblastoma.