Enhancing diabetes treatment by targeted nucleic acid and drug delivery using cell-penetrating peptides, peptide nucleic acids, and receptor targeting

Precise regulation of gene expression and drug delivery is required to maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize adverse side effects. Several studies indicate a potential role for targeted gene and drug delivery in the precision therapy of type 2 diabetes and other diseases. This review summarizes recent knowledge on the cell-penetrating function and membrane-crossing roles of cell-penetrating peptides, the application of peptide nucleic acids for gene modulation, and the precise delivery of g