Transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) has emerged as a promising noninvasive approach for probing cortical reactivity and network dynamics with millisecond temporal resolution, with growing relevance for mechanistic and clinical neuroscience. However, despite rapid expansion of the field, TMS-EEG findings remain difficult to interpret because of substantial inter-individual variability and fragmentation across distinct analytical domains, including time