Temporal-oscillatory entrainment: a multi-timescale framework for rhythmic coordination from neural to social frequencies

BackgroundThe brain coordinates behavior across timescales spanning milliseconds to days through cross-frequency coupling (CFC)—the mechanism by which slow oscillations modulate the amplitude and timing of faster oscillations, creating a hierarchical temporal architecture. Existing frameworks have typically addressed oscillations within narrow frequency ranges, leaving cross-timescale coordination mechanisms underspecified.ApproachI propose a unified framework termed Temporal-Oscillatory Entrain